DREAM FACTORY COMMUNISM
THE VISUAL CULTURE OF THE STALIN ERA
24 September 2003 - 4 January 2004
The comprehensive exhibition ”Dream Factory Communism” presented in the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt from 24 September 2003 to 4 January 2004 is dedicated to the universe of Soviet art in the Stalin Era, which is still only little known in the West. As part of a centralistically organized mass culture, this art relied on advertising mechanisms and strategies for spreading its highly effective propaganda images. There is an obvious similarity between Stalinist Socialist Realism and the US-American mass culture of that time.
The affinity between the Western commercial and the Soviet ideological mass culture is mainly evinced by the fact that both systems’ advertising schemes were style-formative and addressed all people in the same way - the difference being that a variety of products was promoted in the West, while only one, communism, was promoted in Stalinist Russia with its totalitarian state machinery based on oppression. The more recent works of Sots Art represent a visual comment on the culture of the Stalin Era reflecting the historical events; they critically examine the stalinist regime’s aesthetics and mark a distance which separates us from its works both aesthetically and politically.
The major survey curated by Boris Groys, professor of philosophy and media theory at the Hochschule für Gestaltung in Karlsruhe, together with Zelfira Tregulova, deputy director of the Kremlin Museums, Moscow, includes works by such artists as Kazimir Malevich, Gustav Klutsis, Aleksander Deineka, and Aleksander Gerasimov, films by Dziga Vertov, Mikhail Chiaureli, and Grigorii Aleksandrov, as well as works by contemporary Sots Art representatives such as Erik Bulatov, Komar & Melamid, Ilya Kabakov, and Boris Mikhailov.
The selection guarantees an interplay between a range of different media from painting and poster art to sculpture, architectural drawing, and film. Many of the works, which come from collections like the Tretyakov Gallery, the ROSIZO State Museum and Exhibition Centre Archives, the Historical Museum of Moscow, the Russian State Library, and the Central Armed Forces Museum, will be accessible to the public for the first time since Stalin’s death in 1953.
Max Hollein, Director of the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt: ”As part of a series of projects dedicated to crucial socially relevant issues, ‘Dream Factory Communism’ is an exhibition which is at the center of the Schirn program. Especially after the fall of the Wall, the globalization of the world, and the shift of power blocs and hegemonies, it has become increasingly necessary to reassess the representation patterns of totalitarian states and to reconsider the relationship between art and power in regard to the present.”
Boris Groys, curator of the exhibition: ”The art of Stalinist Socialist Realism was a huge promotion campaign beating the drum for the building of communism. Communist agitation, which is far closer to Western commercial advertising than to Nazi propaganda, was not aimed at a limited target group but rather called on all mankind to purchase a product named communism. According to its conception, it was a culture for the masses which did not exist as such then but would become a reality in the future.”
The time between World War I and World War II was primarily an epoch that saw fundamental transformations of public space and the formation of a globalized mass culture which would dominate everything. This mass culture was essentially based on media - such as films and posters - allowing the reproduction and distribution of images in large numbers. But the mechanisms of mass distribution also prevailed in the traditional spheres of painting, sculpture, and architecture, which thus acquired a new function and social use. The totalitarian mass movements between WW I and WW II proved to be specifically radical and uncompromising in regard to this all-embracing revolution of traditional culture. The fact that, today, mass culture is primarily considered and analyzed as something commercial and market-conforming should not make us forget that it was, above all, organized and used as propaganda for political purposes in the early stage of its development.
to the top.............................
PRESS OFFICE: Dorothea Apovnik, Jürgen Budis, SCHIRN KUNSTHALLE FRANKFURT, Römerberg, D-60311 Frankfurt,
phone: (+49-69) 29 98 82-118, fax: (+49-69) 29 98 82-240,
e-mail: presse@schirn.de, www.schirn.de
The Soviet culture of the Stalin Era not only represents an outstanding example of such a centralistic mass culture but also had the longest lifespan among all known totalitarian structures of its kind. Stalin was the patron, customer, and subject of numerous art works. The realization of his plan of ”building Socialism in one country,” of a policy of accelerated industrialization and a collectivization of agriculture by force, of the foundation of a modern army and the control of all social classes, for which millions of people had to pay with their lives, was accompanied by a gigantic propaganda machinery. The personality cult around Stalin and the mythologizing of Lenin fuelled a production of images which was to celebrate the regime’s projects and achievements. The visual culture of the Stalin era was both a façade and an instrument of power. The exhibition reveals the character of this culture as a multifariously interlocked factory of pictures designed to change the face of an entire empire.
Because of its realistic form, this art seemed to be agreeable, unproblematic, and easy to understand for the masses, yet it was a completely ideological venture both in terms of contents and objectives. It does not present itself as a portrayal of life but visualizes the collective dream of a new world and a new man. Unlike Nazi art, which was oriented towards the past, the culture of the Stalin era always remained forward-looking and can by no means be regarded as a simple recourse to the traditions of 19th-century naturalistic painting.
The culture of the Stalin era rather built on the Russian avant-garde, which had always striven for an aesthetical and political full-scale transformation of life. Though relying on different artistic and political means, it kept pursuing this goal: the Soviet empire as a work of national art, Socialist Realism as a synthesis of culture and power, Stalin as the ruling artist-despot. This marks the turn from the early avant-garde’s ”Great Utopia” born in the first years of the century to the twenties’ and thirties’ new Utopian mass culture that comprises all mankind.
Chronologically speaking, ”Dream Factory Communism” starts from this turning point where the major 1992 Schirn exhibition ”The Great Utopia” dedicated to the Russian avant-garde ended. Highlighting Kazimir Malevich’s late work and Gustav Klutsis’ photo collages, the first section of the show documents the road from early avant-garde abstraction to the figurative and photographic solutions of Socialist Realism. The pictures of the ”high” Socialist Realism of the 1930s and 1940s and its main protagonists Aleksander Gerasimov, Aleksander Deineka, and Isaak Brodski deal with various aspects of the new Soviet life such as the Soviet leaders embodying ”the new Communist man,” life in the city, collectivized agriculture, sports, and happy private life. Films from the Stalin era by Dziga Vertov, Mikhail Chiaureli, Abram Room, a.o., which were also seen by many people and are extremely characteristic of their time, will round off the panorama, emphasizing the cross-media character of Soviet art once again. The presentation concludes with Sots Art and Moscow Conceptualism, the unofficial Russian art of the 1960s and 1970s, introducing Erik Bulatov, Komar & Melamid, Ilya Kabakov, Boris Mikhailov, and other representatives. This part of the exhibition exemplifies a genuinely aesthetical criticism of Stalinist Socialist Realism: reflecting the avant-garde Stalinist Utopia and its self-destruction, this approach, in its fundamental rejection of Utopian thinking, relates to Western post-modernism.
CATALOG: ”Dream Factory Communism. The Visual Culture of the Stalin Era.” Edited by Boris Groys and Max Hollein. With a preface by Max Hollein, an introduction by Boris Groys, and essays by Oksana Bulgakova, Ekaterina Degot, Boris Groys, Hans Günther, Annette Michelson, Alexander Morosow, and Martina Weinhart, as well as interviews with Ilya Kabakov and Georg Baselitz conducted by Boris Groys, German/English, ca. 300 pages, ISBN 3-7757-1328-X, Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern.
VENUE: SCHIRN KUNSTHALLE FRANKFURT, Römerberg, D-60311 Frankfurt. EXHIBITION DATES: 24 September 2003 - 4 January 2004. OPENING HOURS: Tue, Fri-Sun 10 a.m. - 7 p.m., Wed and Thur 10 a.m. - 10 p.m. INFORMATION: www.schirn.de, e-mail: welcome@schirn.de, phone: (+49-69) 29 98 82-0, fax: (+49-69) 29 98 82-240. ADMISSION: 7 , reduced 5 .
CURATORS: Boris Groys (Vienna/Karlsruhe) with Zelfira Tregulova (Moscow). PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Martina Weinhart (Schirn) with Lana Chikhsamanova. EXHIBITION ARCHITECTURE: KÜHN MALVEZZI, Vienna/Berlin. MAIN SPONSORS: The exhibition is supported by the Kulturstiftung des Bundes and the
Frühere Highlights in Frankfurtlounge:
